Thermal Spray Coatings
نویسنده
چکیده
THERMAL SPRAY is a generic term for a group of processes in which metallic, ceramic, cermet, and some polymeric materials in the form of powder, wire, or rod are fed to a torch or gun with which they are heated to near or somewhat above their melting point. The resulting molten or nearly molten droplets of material are accelerated in a gas stream and projected against the surface to be coated (i.e., the substrate). On impact, the droplets flow into thin lamellar particles adhering to the surface, overlapping and interlocking as they solidify. The total coating thickness is usually generated in multiple passes of the coating device. The invention of the first thermal spray process is generally attributed to M.U. Schoop of Switzerland in 1911 and is now known as flame spraying. Other major thermal spray processes include wire spraying, detonation gun deposition (invented by R.M. Poorman, H.B. Sargent, and H. Lamprey and patented in 1955), plasma spray (invented by R.M. Gage, O.H. Nestor, and D.M. Yenni and patented in 1962), and high velocity oxyfuel (invented by G.H. Smith, J.E Pelton, and R.C. Eschenbach and patented in 1958). Avariant of plasma spraying uses a transferred arc to heat the surface being coated. It is considered by some to be a welding process akin to hard facing rather than a true thermal spray process, because the surface of the substrate becomes momentarily molten immediately beneath the torch. A major advantage of the thermal spray processes is the extremely wide variety of materials that can be used to make a coating. Virtually any material that melts without decomposing can be used. A second major advantage is the ability of most of the thermal spray processes to apply a coating to a substrate without significantly heating it. Thus, materials with very high melting points can be applied to finally machined, fully heat-treated parts without changing the properties of the part and without thermal distortion of the part. A third advantage is the ability, in most cases, to strip and recoat worn or damaged coatings without changing the properties or dimensions of the part. A major disadvantage is the line-of-sight nature of these deposition processes. They can only coat what the torch or gun can "see." Of course, there are also size limitations prohibiting the coating of small, deep cavities into which a torch or gun will not fit. Figure 1 shows an example of the variety of shapes taken by the molten droplets as they impact, flow, and solidify on the surface. The mechanism of bonding of the particles to the surface is not well understood but is thought to be largely due to mechanical interlocking of the solidifying and shrinking particles, with asperities on the surface being coated unless supplemental fusion or diffusion heat treatment is used. Indeed, most thermal spray coatings require a roughened substrate surface for adequate bonding. Some interdiffusion or localized fusion of as-deposited coatings with the substrate has been observed in a few instances with unique combinations of coatings and substrates. There is evidence of chemical bonding in some coating/substrate systems, not unreasonable when the high-velocity impact of particles might be expected to rupture any films on either the powder particles or the substrate. In addition, van der Waals forces may play a role if the substrate is extremely clean and no significant oxidation occurs during deposition. Thermal spray coatings are usually formed by multiple passes of a torch or gun over the surface. Typical cross sections of several examples of thermal spray coatings are shown in Fig. 2, illustrating the lamellar nature of the coatings. A coating can be made of virtually any material that can be melted without decomposing. Moreover, the deposition process itself can substantially alter the composition as well as the structure of the material. As a result, the microstructure and properties of the coatings can be extremely varied. Specification of a coating, therefore, must often involve more than simply stating the composition of the starting powder or wire and the general type of process to be used. The applications of thermal spray coatings are extremely varied, but the largest categories of use are to enhance the wear and/or corrosion resistance of a surface. Other applications include their use for dimensional restoration, as thermal barriers, as thermal conductors, as electrical conductors or resistors, for electromagnetic shielding, and to enhance or retard radiation. They are used in virtually every industry, including aerospace, agricultural implements, automotive, primary metals, mining, paper, oil and gas production, chemicals and plastics, and biomedical. Some specific examples are given in the section "Uses of Thermal Spray Coatings" in this article.
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